Utilization
What the converted carbon becomes in practice: fuels, chemicals, and building materials.
Fuels
Rebuild CO2 into a drop-in liquid or gaseous fuel
CO2 + H2 → methanol, methane, synthetic kerosene
TRL 6–8 — pilot to commercial
Chemicals
Use CO2 as a feedstock for industrial chemistry
CO2 + co-reactant → urea, carbonates, polyols, polymers
TRL 7–9 — pilot to commercial
Building materials
Mineralise CO2 into concrete and aggregate
CO2 + Ca-bearing phase → CaCO3 in concrete or aggregate
TRL 7–9 — pilot to commercial